Archive on 'Academic Labor' (해외 자료)

대학제도세미나를 위해 정리한 Academic Labor Reference List.

분위기 전환을 위해 일단 이 뮤비부터 보는 것을 추천...ㅋㅋ(Ode to Academic Labor, https://youtu.be/CmlvSrAl9Qo

대충 살펴보니 외국에서도 Academic Labor는 주로 인문학 분야 연구자들의 관심사로 보인다. 테뉴어 교수나 대학원생 보다는 Contingent faculty position이라 불리는 비전임교수와 관련한 주제를 다루는 저작물이 많다. 우리나라와 마찬가지로 STEM 연구자들은 대학이 아닌 곳에서도 일자리가 많아 대학에서의 노동 문제가 그렇게 절박한 상황이 아닌 반면, 인문학 연구자들에게는 몇 없는 선택지이기 때문으로 보인다. 또한 우리나라에서 흔히 '시간강사'라 불리는 분들 중 한국문학을 공부하고 글쓰기 강좌를 하는 분들이 많은 것처럼 미국에서 역시 보통 linguistic 등을 연구하고 writing courses에서 강사 역할을 하는 사람들이 많은 듯 하다.

내가 자료 찾는 스타일이 하나씩 내용을 파악하면서 범위를 늘려 나가기보다 일단 최대한 긁어모으고 추려내면서 내용을 읽기 때문에 각 자료에 대한 간단한 첫 인상은 계속해서 업데이트 할 예정. 일단은 스터디원분들한테 드리는 게 먼저라서...  

1. Journals

- Workplace: A Journal for Academic Labor (Publisher: Institute for Critical Education Studies, The University of British Columbia. 현재 주소는 https://ices.library.ubc.ca/index.php/workplace, 옛날 Issue는 여기에: http://louisville.edu/journal/workplace/issue5/back_issues.html)

- Academic Labor: Research and Artistry (Publisher: Center for the Study of Academic Labor (CSAL), Colorado State University. https://digitalcommons.humboldt.edu/alra/) 

- Journal of Collective Bargaining in the Academy (Publisher: National Center for the Study of Collective Bargaining in Higher Education, https://thekeep.eiu.edu/jcba/)

2. Books

Rhoades, G. (1998). Managed professionals: Unionized faculty and restructuring academic labor. SUNY Press. (http://www.sunypress.edu/p-2726-managed-professionals.aspx)

Managed Professionals is a source book on the negotiated terms of faculty work and a sociological analysis of the restructuring of faculty as a professional workforce. Based on a sample of forty-five percent of the more than 470 negotiated faculty agreements nationwide (which cover over 242,000 faculty), the book offers extensive examples and analysis of contractual provisions on: salary structures; retrenchment; use and working conditions of part-time faculty; use of educational technology (in distance education); outside employment; and intellectual property rights. Focused on the ongoing negotiation of professional autonomy and managerial discretion, the book offers insights into the broad restructuring of faculty, with conclusions that extend beyond unionized faculty to all of academe. Faculty are managed professionals, and are increasingly so. Managers have much flexibility, and as they seek to reorganize colleges and universities, the exercise of their flexibility serves to heighten the divisions within the academic profession and to reconfigure the professional workforce on campus.

Krause, Monika, Nolan, Mary, Palm, Michael and Ross, Andrew, eds. (2008) The university against itself: the NYU strike and the future of the academic workplace. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, USA. (https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt14bszhh)

During the last two decades, many U.S. universities have restructured themselves to operate more like corporations. Nowhere has this process been more dramatic than at New York University, often touted as an exemplar of the "corporate university." Over the same period, an academic labor movement has arisen in response to this restructuring. Using the unprecedented 2005 strike by the graduate student union at NYU as a springboard, The University Against Itself provides a brief history of labor organizing on American campuses, analyzes the state of academic labor today, and speculates about how the university workplace may evolve for employees. All of the contributors were either participants in the NYU strike-graduate students, faculty, and organizers-or are nationally-recognized writers on academic labor. They are deeply troubled by the ramifications of corporatizing universities. Here they spell out their concerns, offering lessons from one historic strike as well as cautions about the future of all universities. Contributors include: Stanley Aronowitz, Barbara Bowen, Miabi Chatterji, Maggie Clinton, Andrew Cornell, Ashley Dawson, Stephen Duncombe, Steve Fletcher, Greg Grandin, Adam Green, Kitty Krupat, Gordon Lafer, Natasha Lightfoot, Micki McGee, Sarah Nash, Cary Nelson, Matthew Osypowski, Ed Ott, Ellen Schrecker, Naomi Schiller, Sherene Seikaly, Susan Valentine, and the editors.

참고용 Review: 
https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0094306109356659aa
https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-5959.2009.00231.x

Hutcheson, Philo A. (2000) A Professional Professoriate: Unionization, Bureaucratization, and the AAUP. Vanderbilt University Press.

Starting with the question "How have professors and educational institutions responded to pressures to be professional yet act bureaucratically," Philo Hutcheson uses federal and AAUP records and surveys and blends historical research and sociological analysis to develop a full understanding of the problem. With the dramatic expansion of the professoriate following World War II came increasing tensions between the professor's perceived traditional status as an autonomous professional on the one hand and new role as a bureaucrat subject to institutional authority and responsible for departmental and committee assignments on the other. In this increasingly conflicted realm, the AAUP functioned as a key intermediary, dealing with such issues as tenure, salary, contracts, and even faculty strikes. 

Hutcheson examines how tensions between the requirements of institutional bureaucracies and the norms of the academic profession resulted in contentiousness and conflict within the national AAUP, between administrators and faculty members on individual campuses, within the ranks of faculties themselves, and even deep in the consciences of many concerned individuals. The book analyzes the association's ability to respond effectively and to balance the values of collegial representation with the powers of collective bargaining. It thus offers a detailed and authoritative examination of the AAUP's search for ways to sustain professionalism while dealing with the fundamental changes in the nature of the professoriate in the post-World War II era.

Vostal, F. (2016). Accelerating Academia: The Changing Structure of Academic Time. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK. (https://www.palgrave.com/kr/book/9781137473592)

Academics are reeling under authoritarian management, marketisation and audits. A rewarding occupation is situated in an institutional context that’s not so benign. Speed is a key pressure in a profession where deliberation and a measured pace are especially important. Filip Vostal asks questions about this scenario. His Accelerating Academia: The Changing Structure of Academic Time is an opportune intervention on a pressing issue, assessing the literature and making his own empirical contribution.

(... from 참고용 review: https://blogs.lse.ac.uk/lsereviewofbooks/2017/08/18/book-review-accelerating-academia-the-changing-structure-of-academic-time-by-filip-vostal/)

DeCew, Judith W. (2003). Unionization in the Academy: Visions and Realities. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers (https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780847696703/Unionization-in-the-Academy-Visions-and-Realities)

Unionization in the Academy is an authoritative, balanced, and comprehensive account of academic unions—their history, purpose, and the conflicts they cause. Judith Wagner DeCew takes on the central issues, including unions for part-time and adjunct faculty, graduate student unions, and collective bargaining. The book also includes a history of the rise of academic unions and its watershed moments, such as the U.S. Supreme Court's 1980 Yeshiva decision. A series of important articles by other observers supplements DeCew's insights and arguments. This combination yields a detailed survey of the arguments for and against academic unions of all kinds. Are unions a threat because they create adversity and conflict with academic values? Or do unions support those values by creating community and collegiality? Unions in Academia is the essential reader for faculty, students, administrators, and anyone else trying to answer those questions.

HERMAN, D. M., & SCHMID, J. M. (2003). Cogs in the classroom factory: the changing identity of academic labor. Westport, Conn, Praeger.

Brings together essays by tenure-track faculty, adjuncts, and graduate employees from a variety of disciplines and geographical regions in an analysis of the changing identity of academic labor. The essays included suggest alternatives for responding to the ongoing erosion of tenure and academic freedom and reshaping the academic workplace.

Contributors discuss the impact of today's casualized academic job market on faculty's self-perception, political action, and responses to the changing nature of higher education. The essays included in this collection address a number of topics, including: today's academic labor situation from an educational history perspective, the development of an academic worker identity via the build-up to a strike, the graduate-employee union movement, unionization as a social justice movement, faculty unionization and workplace solidarity, the potential culture clash between professional and blue-collar unions, the faculty's complicity in the creation of a two-tiered job system, and the othering of adjunct and non-tenure-track faculty.

By focusing on the state of the academic job system on their campuses, the contributors to this volume suggest some alternatives for responding to the ongoing erosion of tenure and academic freedom in higher education and reshaping the academic workplace.

How the university works: Higher Education and the Low-Wage Nation

https://academictrap.files.wordpress.com/2015/03/marc-bousquet-how-the-university-works-higher-education-and-the-lowwage-nation.pdf

As much as we think we know about the modern university, very little has been said about what it's like to work there. Instead of the high-wage, high-profit world of knowledge work, most campus employees—including the vast majority of faculty—really work in the low-wage, low-profit sphere of the service economy. Tenure-track positions are at an all-time low, with adjuncts and graduate students teaching the majority of courses. This super-exploited corps of disposable workers commonly earn fewer than $16,000 annually, without benefits, teaching as many as eight classes per year. Even undergraduates are being exploited as a low-cost, disposable workforce.

Marc Bousquet, a major figure in the academic labor movement, exposes the seamy underbelly of higher education—a world where faculty, graduate students, and undergraduates work long hours for fast-food wages. Assessing the costs of higher education’s corporatization on faculty and students at every level, How the University Works is urgent reading for anyone interested in the fate of the university.

Steal this University: The Rise of the Corporate University and the Academic Labor Movement

https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ivo_De_Sousa/post/Can_we_investigate_corporate_entrepreneurial_intentions_in_educational_institutes/attachment/59d624ce79197b80779831ee/AS%3A314904119054338%401452090400464/download/HE+Steal_This_University.pdf

Steal This University explores the paradox of academic labor. Universities do not exist to generate a profit from capital investment, yet contemporary universities are increasingly using corporations as their model for internal organization. While the media, politicians, business leaders and the general public all seem to share a remarkable consensus that higher education is indispensable to the future of nations and individuals alike, within academia bitter conflicts brew over the shape of tomorrow's universities. Contributors to the volume range from the star academic to the disgruntled adjunct and each bring a unique perspective to the discussion on the academy's over-reliance on adjuncts and teaching assistants, the debate over tenure and to the valiant efforts to organize unions and win rights.

Will Teach for Food: Academic Labor in Crisis 

https://www.upress.umn.edu/book-division/books/will-teach-for-food

Academic labor has never been more vulnerable to exploitation, or more galvanized into action. Threats to tenure, job shortages for new Ph.D.s, and an increasing reliance on poorly paid graduate students and adjunct faculty for teaching are the harsh reality on campuses across the nation. Will Teach for Food provides a clarion call to academic workers, summoning them to take action against the continued decline in working conditions on American campuses.

When graduate students at Yale University held a “grade strike” during the 1995-96 academic year, they were protesting policies such as downsizing, subcontracting, and outsourcing-strategies currently wreaking havoc on the larger U.S. workforce. The debates at Yale mirror those on many campuses: whether graduate student teaching assistants are students or employees of the university; whether faculty are management or staff; what constitutes a reasonable teaching load and fair compensation.

In Part I of Will Teach for Food, participants describe the Yale student strike and examine what workers on other campuses can learn from this action. In Part II, activists and scholars place the challenge to academic workers in the context of U.S. labor history and assess the impact of university “corporatization” on the communities that surround them and on higher education as a whole.

Chalk Lines: The Politics of Work in the Managed University

The increasing corporatization of education has served to expose the university as a business—and one with a highly stratified division of labor. In _Chalk Lines_ editor Randy Martin presents twelve essays that confront current challenges facing the academic workforce in U.S. colleges and universities and demonstrate how, like chalk lines, divisions between employees may be creatively redrawn. While tracing the socioeconomic conditions that have led to the present labor situation on campuses, the contributors consider such topics as the political implications of managerialism and the conceptual status of academic labor. They examine the trend toward restructuring and downsizing, the particular plight of the adjunct professor, the growing emphasis on vocational training in the classroom, and union organizing among university faculty, staff, and graduate students. Placing such issues within the context of the history of labor movements as well as governmental initiatives to train a workforce capable of competing in the global economy, _Chalk Lines_ explores how universities have attempted to remake themselves in the image of the corporate sector. Originally published as an issue of _Social Text_, this expanded volume, which includes four new essays, offers a broad view of academic labor in the United States. With its important, timely contribution to debates concerning the future of higher education, _Chalk Lines_ will interest a wide array of academics, administrators, policymakers, and others invested in the state—and fate—of academia

Professors in the Gig Economy: Unionizing Adjunct Faculty in America. (2018).

(https://jhupbooks.press.jhu.edu/title/professors-gig-economy)

One of the most significant trends in American higher education over the last decade has been the shift in faculty employment from tenured to contingent. Now upwards of 75% of faculty jobs are non-tenure track; two decades ago that figure was 25%. One of the results of this shift—along with the related degradation of pay, benefits, and working conditions—has been a new push to unionize adjunct professors, spawning a national labor movement. Professors in the Gig Economy is the first book to address the causes, processes, and outcomes of these efforts.

Kim Tolley brings together scholars of education, labor history, economics, religious studies, and law, all of whom have been involved with unionization at public and private colleges and universities. Their essays and case studies address the following questions: Why have colleges and universities come to rely so heavily on contingent faculty? How have federal and state laws influenced efforts to unionize? What happens after unionization—how has collective bargaining affected institutional policies, shared governance, and relations between part-time and full-time faculty? And finally, how have unionization efforts shaped the teaching and learning that happens on campus?

Bringing substantial research and historical context to bear on the cost and benefit questions of contingent labor on campus, Professors in the Gig Economy will resonate with general readers, scholars, students, higher education professionals, and faculty interested in unionization.

*Contextualizing and Organizing Contingent Faculty https://rowman.com/ISBN/9781498539548/Contextualizing-and-Organizing-Contingent-Faculty-Reclaiming-Academic-Labor-in-Universities 특이사항: 박성옥, 최소영의 한국 사례 다룬 Chapter 있음 - The Beginnings of Resistance among Part-time Instructors in South Korea)

*Contingent Academic Labor: Evaluating Conditions to Improve Student Outcomes

*The Great Mistake: How We Wrecked Public Universities and How We Can Fix Them

*Reclaiming the Ivory Tower: Organizing Adjuncts to Change Higher Education (http://www.reclaimingtheivorytower.org/)

*Unionization in the Academy: Visions and Realities (https://rowman.com/ISBN/9780847696703/Unionization-in-the-Academy-Visions-and-Realities)

3. Articles and Reports

- The Effects of Graduate-student Unionization on Stipends, Tom Schenk JR.(http://tomschenkjr.net/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2009/07/egsus-rhe.pdf)

- The state of graduate student employee unions, Economic Policy Institute (https://www.epi.org/publication/graduate-student-employee-unions/)

- ORGANIZING THE PROFESSORIATE: FACULTY UNIONS IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE. Institute of Higher Education, University of Georgia (http://ihe.uga.edu/about/ihe-report-article/organizing-the-professoriate-faculty-unions-in-historical-perspective/)

- NLRB filing on BRIEF OF AMICUS CURIAE AMERICAN, ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITY PROFESSORS IN SUPPORT OF PETITIONER UNITED AUTOMOBILE WORKERS, AFL-CIO, (AAUP, https://www.aaup.org/NR/rdonlyres/F81B1D26-9A50-46D5-AA5F-47D28D0D3D78/0/nyu.pdf)

- Rogers 논문 https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/ilrreview/vol66/iss2/8/

4. Archives, blogs, related organization websites, and others

- Bibliography of Resources on Labor in College Composition, Conference on College Composition & Communication (http://cccc.ncte.org/cccc/labor/bibliography)

- Readings on Academic Labor, Coalition of Graduate Employees (AFT 6069) (https://www.cge6069.org/resources/readings_on_academic_labor/)

- (Marc Bousquet, the author of How the university works also blogs about university, and this is his own reading list for academic labor: https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/brainstorm/academic-labor-bookshelf-1/6045)

- Center for the Study of Academic Labor, Colorado State University (https://csal.colostate.edu/)

- https://www.aaup.org/

- https://academography.org/

- http://utotherescue.blogspot.com/

- Academic Labor Relation @ Rutgers University (https://academiclaborrelations.rutgers.edu/): 대학 내 노동 관련 부서

- https://tomprof.stanford.edu/

- https://academictrap.wordpress.com/

- Chronicles' list: https://www.chronicle.com/blogs/ticker/category/profession/academic-labor

- NY Times debate session on graduate students and adjuncts' unionization: https://www.nytimes.com/roomfordebate/2015/05/14/should-graduate-students-and-adjuncts-unionize-for-better-pay

- https://www.zotero.org/tomschenkjr/items/tag/graduate-student%20unions (by Tom Schenk, author of one of the papers mentioned above)

- https://www.zotero.org/academography/items (by Academography)

- https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/04/graduate-students-of-the-world-unite/390261/

(More to my research interest) 

- http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/impactofsocialsciences/the-accelerated-academy-series/